Scale is caused by a precipitation process as a result of a change in pressure and temperature and the subsequent change in the composition of a solution. Typical scales consist of e.g. calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, iron sulfide, iron oxides or iron carbonate. At PanTerra we have a range in analytical equipment (e.g. SEM and XRD) to analyse unknown solids and scale deposits.

PanTerra offers acid solubility testing (HCl, HF, organic solvents) in preparation of acidizing or well stimulation jobs. Acid flow tests are performed on core plugs to verify the acid penetration into a formation. These tests can be conducted at our laboratory under reservoir pressure and temperature using acid inert set-ups.

Core flood tests are typically conducted to test rock-fluid interactions. PanTerra's core flooding rigs are capable to test at T = 150C, 10000 psi. Liquid effluents are collected in automated collectors and can be analysed for composition using e.g. ICP-MS techniques.

Available water analyses include: pH, major anions, major cations, metal, nutrients (CHNOP), etc.

We offer autoclave corrosion tests (up to 175 C, 100 bar) on standard steel test coupons; Also elastomer testing can be performed.

SARA, WAT, Asphaltene Content and Paraffin and Wax Content are among the tests offered

We measure particle size in the laboratory using laser particle size technique or optical techniques. On-site measurement of particle size and droplet size in (production and/or injection) water is done as well using our mobile kit.