For identifying storage sites and characterisation of the storage complex: our geoscientists create 2D and 3D maps of the subsurface, showing the geometry and properties of potential storage reservoirs and cap rock layers.

The petrophysical services of PanTerra are fully integrated with the core analysis results and the geology results. The petrophysical analysis of PanTerra will deliver porosity-permeability relations calibrated with core measurements – including uncertainty analysis.

The calculations of the storage volumes, include Core analysis work and small-scale geology work on thin sections to assess the remaining pore space after depletion, for depleted gas fields, or for aquifers. Moreover, it also includes the geomechanical analysis on the existing pore space.

The PanTerra Lab can perform all required analyses for caprock strength and caprock and reservoir properties. With the routine core analysis the storage and flow capacity can be obtained and with special core analysis the por-perm relations, grain size distribution and capillary action. In addition, the Lab has the expertise to execute core flow tests, capillary action tests and PVT tests to provide the required data for Caprock seal and reservoir flow potential. PanTerra’s reservoir geology capabilities include SEM, XRD and petrographic analyses, that provide detailed geological information on the composition of the caprock and the pore volumes and possible CO2 reactivity on the storage reservoir. Based on the above input data calibrated models are then obtained for reactive core flow modelling.

Following a full integration of sedimentological, structural, petrographic and reservoir quality data, interpretation of the reservoir architecture can be undertaken. Including analysis of core data, calibrated against wireline logs, well test/production data (e.g. MDT/PLT) and SCAL data. In addition, the interpretation and analysis of the caprock, aquifers and overburden will lead to a static model with properties populated.

Reservoir modelling and simulations in carbon capture storage simulate temperature, pressure (and if required compositional) changes in the reservoir over time. Plume migration studies assess the movement and containment of injected CO2, ensuring it remains within the storage site. Wellbore temperature studies analyse temperature variations in injection and monitoring wells to monitor CO2 movement and verify well integrity.

Based on the input data from the previous steps, and based on the dynamic pressure, temperature (and compositional) data, geomechanical analysis of the reservoir containment, but also of fault seal can be made. Geomechanical models help understand how the injection of CO2 may induce stress, impact well integrity, or induce ground movements. PanTerra can perform both analytical geomechanical models, as well as full 3D finite element modelling.

Based on the reactivity tests from our laboratory, PanTerra can analyse the geochemical effects and include the geochemical effect in a fully coupled dynamic model, or perform more simple modelling (e.g. PHREEQC).

PanTerra has a wide experience in conceptional engineering of carbon capture storage (CCS) installations is the initial design phase where the fundamental structure and components of a CCS facility are outlined. This involves compression, transportation infrastructure, and integration with existing energy facilities. It also addresses key considerations like site selection, cost estimates, and environmental impact assessments. The goal is to create a comprehensive plan that outlines the project's feasibility, technical feasibility, and regulatory compliance.

With our petroleum technology expertise in carbon capture storage (CCS), PanTerra has the experience in defining well-functional specs and completion designs. In additional PanTerra can perform the near wellbore modelling and review the in-well bore modelling.

PanTerra has the experience in making monitoring plans based on the risk mitigation plans, as an integral part of the storage development plan. PanTerra can identify monitoring technologies and equipment and support the instrument selection process.

During the front end part of the project (the stages leading to the storage development plan) a risk assessment is made, based on which studies are defined. The study outcomes analyse the initial and residual risks of the several aspects of the project, related to storage volume, containment, and injectivity hazards. Therefore the risk mitigations are analysed by studies and by modelling. During the operate phases, these risks have to be monitored, and therefore a monitoring measurement and Verification plan is made (MMV). The storage development plan describes the general outline of the project with its intended storage volumes and rate – the infrastructure and the fallback options and describes the risks of the project. The storage development plan outlines the design ranges and design criteria. This can include a high level MMV. The field management plan then gives a high level description of how this CCS storage complex is being managed and monitored – inside the design ranges – with the high level mitigating actions. The MMV is then worked out in more detail in the WRFM plan.

The WRFM plan describes the detailed choices that will be implemented (sometimes during the design with installing specific equipment) on how to manage the field and facilities, where the operating ranges are specified and corrective actions are described. All the above plans are risk based, and aim to manage the risks and opportunities of the projects throughout all stages. During the operate phase the WRFM plans and risk registers are continuously monitored and updated based on study and analysis work.